固定資產、自然資源與無形資產分析(ppt 82頁)（英文版）

固定資產、自然資源與無形資產分析內容提要：
Plant assets are recorded at cost in accordance with the cost principle.
Cost consists of all expenditures necessary to acquire the asset and make it ready for its intended use.
These costs include purchase price, freight costs, and installation costs.
Expenditures that are not necessary should be recorded as expenses, losses, or other assets.
Cost is measured by the cash paid in a cash transaction or by the cash equivalent price when non-cash assets are used in payment.
The cash equivalent price is equal to the fair market value市場公允價值 of the asset given up or the fair market value of the asset received, whichever is more clearly determinable.
The cost of Land includes:
1 ）cash purchase price
2 ）closing costs such as title and attorney’s fees
3 ）real estate brokers’ commissions
4 ）accrued property taxes and other on the land assumed by the purchaser.
All necessary costs incurred in making land ready for its intended use are debited to the Land account.
The cost of land improvements includes all expenditures necessary to make the improvements ready for their intended use such as:
1 parking lots, paving
2 fencing, and
3 lighting.
..............................