18新利真人网 管理的挑戰(PPT 76頁)

The Craft System
Master craftsman and apprentice
Industrial Revolution
Move to factory system and move to machines
Division of labor
Scientific Management
Taylor Conducted scientific experiments to improve efficiency
Theory X
Human Relations
Hawthorne experiments
The “Hawthorn effect” led researchers to associate social factors with work
Theory Y

Workers inherently dislike work
Workers must be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to accomplish work objectives
Talent is narrowly distributed
Workers will do as little work as they are required to do
Motivated by money
Need for formal, well established lines of authority
Clearly defined jobs

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