生產者理論--微觀經濟學(PPT 89頁)

一、生產
生產技術
Production with Two Variable Inputs (L,K)
短期VS長期
一種可變投入的生產函數
Production withOne Variable Input (Labor)
邊際回報遞減法則
The Effect ofTechnological Improvement
勞動生產率
兩種可變投入的生產函數
The Shape of Isoquants
兩種可變投入的生產函數
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution
完全可替代投入品的生產函數
Isoquants When Inputs are Perfectly Substitutable
固定比率投入品的生產函數
Fixed-Proportions Production Function
規模報酬
Returns to Scale
二、生產成本
基本概念
短期成本
Cost Curves for a Firm
長期成本
Producing a GivenOutput at Minimum Cost
Input Substitution When an Input Price Change
不同產出水平下的成本最小化
A Firm’s Expansion Path
The Inflexibility of Short-Run Production
長期平均成本（LAC）
Long-Run Average and Marginal Cost
規模經濟VS規模不經濟
長期成本曲線和短期成本曲線
Long-Run Cost withConstant Returns to Scale
Long-Run Cost with Economiesand Diseconomies of Scale
範圍經濟
Product Transformation Curve
範圍經濟程度
學習曲線
The Learning Curve
Economies of Scale Versus Learning
三、利潤最大化與競爭性供給
廠商目標
邊際收益、邊際成本與利潤最大化
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
邊際收益、邊際成本與利潤最大化
Demand and Marginal Revenue Facedby a Competitive Firm
選擇短期產量
A Competitive Firm Making a Positive Profit
A Competitive Firm Incurring Losses
競爭性廠商的短期供給曲線
A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve
The Response of a Firm toa Change in Input Price
市場（短期）供給彈性
短期廠商剩餘
Producer Surplus for a Firm
Producer Surplus for a Market
選擇長期產量
Output Choice in the Long Run
選擇長期產量
Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium
長期競爭性均衡
經濟租
Firms Earn Zero Profit in Long-Run Equilibrium
行業的長期供給曲線
Long-Run Supply in aConstant-Cost Industry
Long-Run Supply in anIncreasing-Cost Industry
Long-Run Supply in anDecreasing-Cost Industry
稅收效應
Effect of an Output Tax on a Competitive Firm’s Output
Effect of an OutputTax on Industry Output
長期供給彈性
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