BNZX資本財務分析研究報告(ppt 32頁)（英文版）

BNZX資本財務分析研究報告內容提要：
Defining the appropriate time horizon for the analysis is important.
All costs are variable over a very long time horizon (i.e., for very large increases in volume)
Costs to run and maintain a computer system that tracks product orders are clearly fixed for a small change in volume, such as that associated with a slightly busy month. However, they are variable for a large change in volume, such as that associated with a new plant.
Most costs are semi-variable (i.e., they tend to be added in lumps as volume increases)
Supervisory labor tends to be considered fixed because it is unlikely that additional supervisors would have to be added to handle a small increase, say 10%, in volume. But the workforce can only increase so much before an additional supervisor is needed.
In theory, production labor is variable. However, in many client situations, restraints placed by unions and difficulty in hiring and firing people in response to short-term volume fluctuations make it, in practice, semi-variable.
Operating Profit = Revenue - Costs
=Revenue - Variable Costs - Fixed costs
=(Price per unit x Volume) - (Variable cost per unit x Volume) - Fixed costs
=Volume x (Price per unit - Variable cost per unit) - Fixed costs
=Volume x Unit contribution - Fixed costs
The breakeven volume is the volume for which operating profit = 0
0 =Breakeven volume x Unit contribution - Fixed costs.
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