Organizational Change & Development （英文版）(ppt 17頁)

Organizational Change & Development （英文版）內容提要：
Technology:IT automation,TQM program, BPR
nature of the work force:more cultural diversity, increase in professions,many new entrants with inadequate skills
economic shocks:security market crashes,interest rate fluctuations,foreign currency fluctuations
competition:global competitions,mergers & considerations,growth of specialty retailers
social trends:increase in college attendance & divorce rate, delayed marriages by young peoples
world politics
……

Managing Planned Change
Change:making things different.
Planned Change:change activities that are intentional & goal-oriented. Accidental occurrence;proactive & purposeful
the goals:improve the ability of - to adapt to changes in its environment;change -- behavior
order of magnitude:1st-order:linear & continuous, no fundamental shift; 2nd-order:multidimensional, multilevel,discontinuous,& radical
Change agents: persons acting as catalysts & assume the responsibility for managing --
……

Resistance to change
Individual:habit,security,economic factors, fear of the unknown,selective information process
organization:structural inertia,limited focus of change,group inertia,threat to expertise, threat to established power relationships, (R-A)
overcoming:education & communication, participation, facilitation & support,negotiation, manipulation & cooperation,coersion
the politics of change:threaten the status quo; power, stakeholder,impetus--new comer.

..............................