阿克蘇諾貝爾多元文化環境與公司文化英文(ppt 51頁)

What is Culture?
A system of values and norms sharedamong a group ofpeople and, whentaken together,constitute a designfor living.
What is Culture?
Culture can be defined as a system of orientation in an organization consisting of basic, unconscious attitudes, of values, and of the corresponding artifact. Such values +ve or -ve may be reinforced implicitly or explicitly over a period of time. It influence the behavior, communication, acting and judgements of the fellow colleagues.
Norms and Values
Norms:
Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.
Folkways:
Routine conventions of everyday life.
Mores:
Central to functioning of society and its social life.
Values:
Abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.
The bedrock of culture.
Have emotional significance.
Freedom.
Hofstede
Study (IBM) is a general way to look at differences between cultures.
4 dimensions:
Power distance.
Individualism versus collectivism.
Uncertainty avoidance.
Masculinity versus femininity.
But:
Assumption of one-to-one relationship between culture and nation-state.
Research may be culturally bound.
Respondents worked within a single company.
Work is beginning to look dated (1967-1973).

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